Proudct design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Proudct plan - Essay Example The attribution of freshness as a rule emerges in relationship with decidedly esteemed characteristics, regularly bolstered by the consideration of rules, for example, innovation, progress, or truth. From an authentic viewpoint, the positive treatment and valuation for originality can be depicted as an outcome of the practical separation of present day society. Religion, the political framework, science, business, and workmanship not just presentation various degrees of receptivity to curiosities, they additionally respond to it at various velocities. The energy about novelty can be watched, specifically, in the field of compelling artwork towards the finish of the nineteenth century (Hughes 1971). The foundation of the possibility that the estimation of centerpieces emerges from the uncommon ability of the craftsman and the privileging of the first over the duplicate, diverted consideration regarding new masterpieces. The related valuation for freshness additionally deserted the possibility of crafted by craftsmanship as a portrayal of the real world and in this manner featured the self-referentiality of workmanship (Luhmann 1999b). Thus, originality accepted a key situation inside the craftsmanship framework both in the feeling of an item (curiosity) and in the feeling of an assessment model (novelty). Novelty assumes an inexorably huge job in the field of science and innovation. There is a perpetual mission in these fields for new logical bits of knowledge and innovative developments, which are possibly considered to be curiosities in the event that they broaden or change mechanical and logical ideal models (Schummer, prospective). Also, specialized articles and logical realities accomplish perceivability and incentive by being set apart as â€Å"new†, in this manner giving direction to clients. Would newness be able to be viewed as new any more? Is the idea of innovation in contemporary craftsmanship even conceivable or significant? Deciphered as new, transformative, or even intentionally in reverse looking, the possibility of freshness appears to be engaged by our very own and

Critical Analysis of Decision-making of a Student Nurse Assessment Essay

Basic Analysis of Decision-production of a Student Nurse Assessment Process - Essay Example This methodology holds fast to the tutor measures of furnishing understudies with useful criticisms. Roslyn likewise seems to have a few reservations with respect to Gina’s level of capability, a factor which may influence her appraisal as a coach. Be that as it may, a tutor should likewise survey a student’s all out presentation, for example, the aptitudes, mentalities and practices. At long last, Roslyn likewise considered hearing the point of view of her associates and colleagues with respect to the presentation of Gina, which is a valid statement. This is so in light of the fact that Gina is likewise working with different individuals from the wellbeing group staff beside her tutor Roslyn. The norms of lead, execution and morals for medical attendants and birthing assistants by the Nursing and Midwifery board calls attention to the significance of working with others to help ensure and advance the prosperity of those in their consideration. Besides, the code likewis e expresses that a tutor is relied upon to can counsel from associates when fitting while at the same time rehearsing reasonableness and non-segregation. The NMC perceives that the evaluation commitment by others is a piece of interprofessional learning. The accompanying issues were raised by her group membersâ€Gina’s lateness, absence of activity, poor information on fundamental ideas and finally her poor relational abilities. Likewise, the NMC code repeats that a tutor must encourage their student’s competency advancement. Be that as it may, the subsequent archive of Gina’s evaluation seemed to have just expressed a general view about Gina’s execution. This is the place the issues emerge. While the facts confirm that Roslyn referenced during the meeting the worries with respect to Gina’s relational abilities, it was not expressed on the last appraisal paper itself. The paper on the... This article focuses on that beginning with the lead of the appraisal, the tutor Roslyn at first shows a feeling of demonstrable skill by sorting out an arrangement of the meeting. As indicated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council coach gauges, guides are mindful and responsible for co-ordinating and arranging understudy learning exercises. The guidelines of lead, execution and morals for medical attendants and maternity specialists by the Nursing and Midwifery board brings up the significance of working with others to help ensure and advance the prosperity of those in their consideration. This report settles on an end that Roslyn’s official choice made ascent to issues of its exactness and responsibility. The valid statement about Roslyn’s evaluation process was that she had the option to illuminate Gina during the midpoint meet on Gina’s accomplishments and upgrades. Her colleagues’ remarks and concerns were likewise spread out during the meeting. In any case, the last report of the appraisal choice comes up short on the various evaluation results, for example, the colleagues’ remarks with respect to Gina’s execution and level of information. In different terms, Roslyn had the trouble of giving Gina an impression of a bombing grade. At last, it was not reported in a ultimate choice about Gina’s need to make correspondence a further territory for advancement. In this manner, the aftereffect of Roslyn’s last appraisal paper on Gina’s execution didn't show enough reasonableness and precision.

Will I Miss Smoking Forever

Will I Miss Smoking Forever Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal Print Will I Miss Smoking Forever? By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on January 19, 2020 Jan-Stefan Knick/EyeEm/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Nicotine Withdrawal After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Once a person decides to quit smoking, cravings for cigarettes is often one of the first and longest-lasting symptoms of withdrawal. These cravings are often strong at first but usually begin to dwindle the longer a person goes without smoking. In order to get through these cravings without a relapse, it is important to understand not only how long these cravings will last, but also the steps you can take to deal with the urge to smoke. Why You Miss Smoking The process of quitting smoking involves not just getting past the physical dependence on nicotine, but on coping with psychological dependence as well. Smoking is often a way of dealing with stress, of bonding with friends, and just plain habit. Cigarette cravings typically peak in the first few days after quitting and diminish greatly over the course of the first month without smoking.?? While you might miss smoking from time to time, once you make it past six months, the urge to smoke will be diminished or even gone. One study found that while nearly 60% of smokers report at least some desire to smoke within the past year, only around 11% exhibited significant, prolonged cravings. Think for a moment of your life as a tightly woven piece of fabric. Each thread represents your life events and experiences, and running alongside the many life threads are threads of a finer gauge.  They are so fine in fact, theyre impossible to see with the naked eye. Those threads are the associations you have between smoking and all of your life threads.?? Over time, theyve become so thoroughly interwoven in the fabric of your life, you find you cant do anything without thinking about how smoking will fit into it. Once you quit smoking, the job becomes one of unraveling those smoking threads, or associations, one by one. There are a number of strategies that you can use to help keep the cravings at bay in both the short- and long-term. Practice Recovery from nicotine addiction is a process of gradual release over time. Every smoke-free day you complete is teaching you how to live your life without cigarettes. Bit by bit, youre reprogramming your responses to daily events that trigger the urge to smoke by choosing something other than smoking when the urge surfaces. The more practice you get, the fewer cravings will plague you. Eventually, your mind will adopt the new way of managing smoking urges. Over the course of your first smoke-free year, youll encounter and have a chance to clear most of the events and situations in your daily life that you associate with smoking. Practice is a necessary part of  recovery from nicotine addiction. There is no getting around it, so try to relax and  let time help you. You built your smoking habit through years of practice, and now you must build the nonsmoking you the same way. The more practice you put between yourself and that last cigarette you smoked, the stronger youll become. Watch for Seasonal Triggers Some smoking triggers are seasonal in nature and can create strong smoking urges months into your quit program. For instance, you may have stopped smoking during the winter and youre an avid gardener. You could find yourself craving a smoke break the first time youre out digging in the dirt the following spring. Thoughts of smoking-related to the seasonal activities may hit you with an intensity you havent felt in months. Dont worry. Youre not backsliding.  Your mind is just processing old associations. Once you make your way through the trigger smoke-free, it will let go for good and you can move on. Adopt the Right Attitude Theres another step in finding permanent freedom from nicotine addiction that is just as important as practice and time. It involves your attitude.?? You might know an ex-smoker who says theyll always miss smoking, even though they havent had a puff in 20 years. Thats a frightening thing to hear, but theres a reason why they are in that position, and it is something you can remedy for yourself. People who reminisce about how great smoking was and how much they loved smoking never changed  what cigarettes meant to them.     As smokers, most of us do think we  love smoking, but the truth is that we love the relief we feel when a dwindling nicotine level is replenished in our bodies. Nicotine withdrawal starts as soon as we stub out a cigarette, and that physical need to ease the discomfort becomes linked to the activities were involved in at the time.  This happens numerous times each day and over time, our minds come to believe that smoking is a necessary component in leading a  fulfilled life. We think life will be dull without cigarettes when in reality, we are associating physical addiction with pleasure.   When we quit, that unhealthy and inaccurate mindset must be reprogrammed if we are to break those links for good.  We can abstain from smoking forever, but if we dont do the work to change how we feel about  cigarettes, we can miss smoking forever too. Change Your Mindset Understanding the power of addiction and the dangers of smoking can be helpful when it comes to recovering from nicotine addiction.   While most people are aware of the health dangers of smoking, active smokers do all they can to avoid reading about it if at all possible. Some steps you can take to start changing your mindset: Educate yourself. Start seeking out information and research on how smoking harms us, and do it often. It will open your eyes, but more importantly, it will help you start to change the relationship you have with cigarettes.  Once you do that, the mental chains of this addiction will begin to break down for good.Find an online smoking cessation support group.??  It doesnt matter whether youre a group support kind of person or not, because its not necessary to participate to benefit from it.  Go in and read how other new ex-smokers are coping and youll come away with your resolve strengthened.  Give it a try and youll see. Coping Tips Here are just a few things you can do instead of smoking:Go for a walkCall a friendRun an errandHave a healthy snackDo yogaChew gum or mintsDo some exercises How to Deal With the Urge to Smoke Even after you have been smoke-free for a period of time, you might have periodic urges for a cigarette. In order to prevent a relapse, it is important to have strategies in place that will help you deal with the occasional craving. Take care of yourself. Make sure that you are not replacing one bad habit with another. Get plenty of sleep, eat healthy meals, and drink plenty of water.Create new habits.?? Smoking often becomes associated with other activities that people also enjoy. Instead of focusing on how much you miss smoking, think about other aspects of those situations that you also enjoyed and find ways to create new hobbies or habits that are just as gratifying.Ask for help. Reach out to a trusted friend or family member whenever you feel an urge to smoke. Talking about it can remind you of how far youve come. Or you might just go do something that will take your mind off of smoking.Find substitutes. If cravings or urges get bad, try chewing gum, sucking on a minty candy, brushing your teeth, or munching on crunchy veggies. Having something that engages your mouth and hands can sometimes get you through those moments when you really miss smoking.?? Take it one day at a time. Congratulate yourself for every step forward. The process will get easier every day that you remain smoke-free. Reward yourself when you reach important milestones. For example, you might treat yourself with a trip to the salon for one month without a cigarette and a larger reward once you make it to a year without smoking. If you need help dealing with the urge to smoke, you can call the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) free helpline at 1-800-784-8669 for assistance. A Word from Verywell Learning more about  nicotine addiction  can help change your perceptions of cigarettes. Seek support and above all, be patient with yourself. Allow as much time as you need to heal from nicotine  addiction. There is no set formula for recovery. Every persons experience is unique, and everyone must move through this process in their own way. Dont look at quitting tobacco as a sacrifice. Youre not giving up anything of value. Your quit program is a gift. Change your attitude and youll find lasting release from this unhealthy habit.

Richard M. Nixon Biography and Presidency

punishment for petty crimes - 1650 Words

Type of essay: Text based Text used: â€Å"Her Majesty’s Prison† by Christian Pratt Stripped, probed, re-dressed and endowed with the status of convict.† Is this what you would want to endure for a simple traffic violation of no seat belt, running a red light or dark tinted windows? Or would you prefer a traffic school session or two, picking up garbage on a Saturday morning or paying a fine? I would gladly prefer the latter. The prison has a â€Å"revolving door† as if welcoming persons to come again. We need to replace this door with job services and opportunities and quality rehabilitation. A prison term is not the answer to petty crimes in our Bahamian society. The jail house is already surpassed its max capacity, take away persons there†¦show more content†¦It would be wise to have persons pay fines and contribute some supervised service rather than have them further take away from the country, decreasing our value as a nation. Rehabilitation for serious offenders and those accused of petty crimes is the key to closing shut that revolving door. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, it is reported that there is a 3% increase in crime rates worldwide. As a result, countries came up with many efforts to combat crimes mainly through punishment or rehabilitation. Punishment includes heavy sentences like death penalty and long jail term, while rehabilitation includes lighter sentences like probation and counseling. There needs to be an increased number of rehabilitation centers available, throughout the country away from Fox Hill Prison, making it much easier and accessible for persons sentenced to probation to attend counseling. Other avenues should be added to a probation sentence, such as putting persons in the news paper or on the community channel along with their offence: sometimes public shame is far more humiliating than a jail sentence. In my opinion, rehabilitation would be more imp ortant in a country’s attempt toShow MoreRelatedDegrees of Larceny621 Words   |  3 Pagesfirst known use was in the mid 15th century. The definition, as defined by Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is â€Å"the unlawful taking of personal property with intent to deprive the rightful owner of it permanently.† In order to have committed the crime of larceny, or theft as it is more commonly referred to; there are five components that usually have to be met. The offender must â€Å"take† an item and have possession of said item, if only momentarily. Even if you come across an item on the ground orRead MorePurpose and History of Punishment785 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose and History of Punishment The American society of punishment has been heavily based on British law, which has in turn grown from Western capital punishment and personal retribution. In the seventh century A.D. leaders in government have begun to realize that crimes harmed society. 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In the Elizabethan Age there were many different crimes. Each of those crimes had their own punishment or punishments. They were very strict about what they could and could not do in this age. If you have ever thought about planning a crime, you would have to really think about the punishment you would receive. To begin, the Elizabethan Age had many extremely different crimes that couldRead MoreContemporary Classicism In Criminology710 Words   |  3 Pagesforms of punishment that dominated society in the time. This period is known as ‘the enlightenment period’ and the first traces of contemporary classicism are found in a booked by Cesare Beccaria titled ‘On crime and punishment’ (Beccaria, 1765). Classism has changed the way society views and deals with crime, bringing us into a modern criminal justice era. Prior to 1764, crime was viewed as a ‘sin’ and considered to be a sign of the devil in an individual with approaches to dealing with crimes focusedRead MoreEssay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. For example, Johannes Mehserl only served 2 years in prison for the killing of innocent member of public, Oscar Grant. At the same time, there are examples of 5 years prison sentences for the possession of marijuana. This is enormously unfair, as someone who can take the life of another human being should receive a far harsher punishment than someone whose crime only effectsRead MoreEssay on Slaves in Roman and Germanic Societies591 Words   |  3 Pagesto be a slave in a Germanic society rather than a Roman society. In a Germanic society a slave had a greater ability to marry, slaves also had the ability to pay fines for wrong doing rather than receive physical punishment and in Germanic law codes there was more of a focus on petty crime committed by slaves rather than in Roman codes where there was a focus on brutality committed against slaves or a lack of loyalty to their owner. In Salic law codes free men and women were allowed to marry slavesRead MoreDiscouraging Crime by Cracking down on Criminal Behavior: Result is Safer Communities1550 Words   |  7 PagesDiscouraging Crime by Cracking down on Criminal Behavior: Result is Safer Communities The frequency of crimes committed in many communities result in a heightened fear for those affected by this criminal behavior. More focus is required on the methods used to deter crime to discourage individuals from committing criminal behavior. Understanding of what is sociably acceptable and what violates cultural standards in a community is important. Then society will be able to find suitable ways to dejectRead MoreDisrespect Articles of Ucmj945 Words   |  4 Pagespresence of the superior officer. Maximum punishment. Bad-conduct discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 1 year. Article 91—Insubordinate conduct toward warrant officer, NCO, or PO (1) strikes or assaults a warrant officer, non-commissioned officer, or petty officer, while that officer is in the execution of his office; (2) willfully disobeys the lawful order of a warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer; or (3) treats with contemptRead MorePunishment Within Criminal Justice, Looking At Different Methods Of Punishment Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn this critical review, I will start by identifying the area of punishment within criminal justice, looking at different methods of punishment from a historical view and contemporary view. I will be looking at the changes of punishment in society and will be evaluating how these changes relate to contemporary practices. When assessing these changes, social and historical aspects that are relevant will be considered when researching and analysing information. I will look at sources such as book chapters

Life Span Development of Martin Luther King Free Essays

LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY Life Span Development and Personality Jocelyn N. McGuire CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I certify that the attached paper, which was produced for the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used language, ideas and information, whether quoted verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Span Development of Martin Luther King or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper includes no trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written permission to include. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student’s signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): __Jocelyn N. McGuire Jocelyn N. McGuire Psy/300 February 08, 2010 Life Span Development and Personality of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The Heredity The late Dr. Martin L. King life span development and personality began long before his birth. His father Martin Luther Sr. parents were poor sharecroppers’. Born in 1899 the 19th day of December in Stockbridge, Georgia. King witness actual cruelty of racism in the south. He was victimized and beaten by a white man in his early teenage years, also observe a white crowd hang a black man. Nevertheless his family continues to believe in nonviolenceduring a time when racial prejudice and racial injustice existence. When his mother was dying, King curse and hated white people, but his mother disagreed. â€Å"Hattred makes nottin but more hatred†¦ don’t do it. Jackson. C (nd). The influence of heredity path of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. can be track back to his great grand mother. She was a woman of peace, forgiveness, and believes in nonviolence. Life Span Development and Personality of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY College studies consist of social psychology, classics in english, social institutions, social legislation, urban sociology, intercultural relations, introduction to philosophy, principles and methods of statistics, and seminar in sociology. King Jr. preaches his trail sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church. In 1948 is then ordained and appointed assistant pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church. Soon afterwards he would continue his education at the Crozer Theological Seminary. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. actions were influence by his father the Rev. Martin Luther King Sr. The Civil Rights leader,theologian, and educator Howard Thurman. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi approach of non-violent actions. And Bayard Rustin who had studied Gandhi teachings counsel King to be dedicated to the principles of non-violence, Rustin also served as Kings advisor and mentor during the early activism. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote â€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy. † Martin Luther King Jr. , Strength to Love, 1963 Psychological Development and Personality LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY motions that are specific and tied to his environmental experiences. His beliefs were that all people are equal and be treated the same, he would process the information about himself and the world. LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY References A African American Family Connection. Retrieved from http://www. aafricanamericanconnection. com Jackson, C. , Retrieved from http://www. findagrave. com Kowalski, R. M. , Westen, D. (2005). Psychology: The Study of Mental Processes and Behavior Retrieved form University of Phoenix eBook Collection database How to cite Life Span Development of Martin Luther King, Essay examples

Jit Benifits and Limitations Essay Example

Jit Benifits and Limitations Paper Just-In-Time Inventory Management Strategy Lean Manufacturing Overview of Just-in-Time Inventory Management Just-in-time is a movement and idea that has gained wide acceptance in the business community over the past decade. As companies became more and more competitive and the pressures from Japans continuous improvement culture, other firms were forced to find innovative ways to cut costs and compete. The idea behind JIT, or lean manufacturing, is to have the supplies a firm needs at the exact moment that they are needed. In order to accomplish this goal a firm must constantly be seeking ways to reduce waste and enhance value. A recent survey of senior manufacturing executives showed that 71% used some form of JIT in their processes (Pragman). This simple statistic illustrates that JIT is here to stay and also that firms must constantly be searching for ways to cut costs and achieve an advantage. JIT is one way to achieve that end result. In order to understand how JIT works a common vocabulary needs to be established from which to further discuss the topic and gain insight into why so many firms have adopted it. We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As previously stated, one of the key components of JIT is to reduce waste and add value. There are several activities that a company must monitor as targets for reducing waste. Among these are, excessive waste times, inflated inventories, unneeded people or material movement, unnecessary processing steps, numerous variabilities throughout a firms activities and any other non-value adding activity. A key example of this is a new plant that Caterpillar is bringing on-line in the near future. By reducing the number of times a bucket had to be repositioned while it was being welded, Caterpillar was able to reduce the amount of time the bucket spent in the welding line, reduce labor costs by limiting idle time at the welding station and increase the efficiency of the entire manufacturing process. The layout and inventories that are part of a JIT strategy may seem the most logical steps to reduce waste and increase value. By simply redeveloping the layout of certain facilities a firm can reduce the time it takes for supplies to get to the next step in process and cut costs associated with hat movement. One way to do this is to have work-in-progress close to the next station in the manufacturing chain. Couple this with lowering inventories and a powerful combination is formed to reduce costs. In lowering inventories a firm can reap numerous benefits; batch sizes, set-up times and safety stock are all reduced, ergo costs are trimmed and value is added. But in order to achieve these things a firm must be willing to accept the problems that these actions can either uncover or create. Dell Computers participates in both of these activities and they are now the industry leader. Dell has warehouse space at their manufacturing facilities in which suppliers keep parts directly on-site which is the quintessential JIT layout. In addition, Dell is constantly working to achieve JIT inventories of only four days and in doing so are constantly uncovering and solving supply chain problems. Going hand-in-hand with maintaining Just In Time inventory levels is JIT scheduling. By working to reduce inventory to the lowest possible working levels, a firm must constantly be adjusting its schedule of ordering and delivering. In doing so, communication both up and down the supply chain is critical. Frequent orders are placed for supplies and small production runs are constantly being initiated. In order to achieve this breakneck pace of order/production schedule, a firm must constantly be making small changes to orders/production and recognize that kanbans are of incredible importance. Possibly the single piece of JIT that has the most relevance to a study of supply chain management is the partnerships that are essential to making JIT truly work. A firm cannot implement a JIT system by itself; it must have the complete cooperation of its entire supply chain. The sheer amount of information that is needed for a JIT system to operate well demands partnerships to be formed and nurtured, almost to the point at which an entire supply chain operates as one firm. Examples of these kinds of partnerships are everywhere in todays business world. XYZ-Company allows its key suppliers to work directly at their manufacturing sites and place orders as needed for the parts that that supplier supplies. By example Dell has its suppliers store raw materials directly at the manufacturing plants. Other concepts of Just In Time also need to be introduced in order to have a discussion about what truly makes Just In Time a worthy endeavor. By the 1980s the Japanese had achieved manufacturing greatness by practicing continuous improvement, in that a firm is constantly working to improve in every facet of its business functions. To do this a firm must always increase quality, look for innovative ways to solve problems and increase focus on the quality of its suppliers. All of these are cornerstones of a modern JIT system. Lastly, getting the workforce to buy into a JIT lean manufacturing system is important because without the dedication of the workforce, any endeavor is sure to fail. There are several ways to achieve workforce commitment. A simple way is to cross train the workforce members outside of their normal business function and help increase an employees problem solving ability. In doing so a firm is empowering its workforce to think about their function in a new way while looking for ways to improve and giving them an overall view of the entire firm, not just their single job. When this is coupled with the support of management, an increase in resources to solve problems, and an increase in employee roles and responsibility, a workforce will feel empowered and work to make Just In Time a success for the business. Strengths of JIT There is a lot of strength in incorporating JIT lean manufacturing in a company. JIT makes production operations more efficient, cost effective and customer responsive. JIT allows manufacturers to purchase and receive components just before theyre needed on the assembly line, thus relieving manufacturers of the cost and burden of housing and managing idle parts. In that respect, company spokesman for Dell Venancio Figueroa, says With our pull-to-order system, weve been able to eliminate warehouses in our factories and have improved factory output by double by adding production lines where warehouses used to be (Songini, 2000). The benefit of carrying smaller amounts of inbound, in-process, and finished goods inventory exists regardless of the firms operating context (size, production technology, etc. ). Just In Time appeals to many companies because it helps prevent manufacturers from being stuck with inventory that may become obsolete. JIT was initially developed and justified based on cost reduction and quality improvement dimensions. Now, companies view JIT as providing an approach to achieving excellence in the elimination of waste (thought of as all things that do not add value to the product), as well as making the company more responsive to short-term customer demand patterns. JIT manufacturing can be a real money-saver for a company. Companies are not only more responsive to their customers, but they also have less capital tied up in raw materials and finished goods inventory, allowing companies to optimize their transportation and logistics operations (UPS, 2003). Overall, JIT manufacturing results in lower total system costs and improved product quality. With JIT, some plants have reduced inventory more than fifty-percent and lead time more than eighty-percent (Droge, 1998). JIT is lowering costs and inventory, reducing waste, and raising the quality of products. Weaknesses of JIT Just as JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. In just-in-time, everything is very interdependent. Everyone relies on everybody else (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. JIT processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situations such as labor strikes, interrupted supply lines, market demand fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication upstream and downstream in the supply chain and unforeseen production interruptions. Labor strikes, stock outs, and port lockouts can quickly disrupt an entire supply chain while JIT processes are in place. Adhering to the just-in-time concept can be expensive in times of emergency such as at ports (Greenburg, 2002). When a ship arriving from Asia full of supplies cannot make it to shore, the company using JIT generally has very little inventory to compensate for the emergency. This lack of inventory is exactly what makes JIT so great to companies in reducing costs, yet making it risky as well by in some cases not having enough b uffer inventories to react and keep the supply chain moving. Every year markets experience seasonal demand fluctuations as well as fluctuations due to demand from disasters or other unforeseen events. Just-in-time delivery leaves retailers and manufacturers with little inventory as the holiday season approaches (Greenberg, 2002). Relying solely on JIT systems would leave supply chains in shock due to the overwhelming seasonal market demand at different times of the year for seasonal products. Not all products should be produced with JIT systems in place. Custom made items will not work well with JIT as JIT systems respond best to mass produced and highly automated production items. Communication is king in a JIT rich supply chain. There is a risk involved with JIT when there is a communication breakdown and the company cannot get the right amount of supplies needed to keep the just-in-time system running smoothly. Technology is playing a big role in JIT number, however, the reliance on technology can lead to breakdowns in the IT systems that can be costly to work around and go back to the pencil and paper methods of doing supply/inventory demand calculations. Companies should always have backup systems in place to help thwart the possibility of technology or communication breakdown. Weaknesses in JIT systems are very important to recognize. From Cisco routers to Dell computers to the Gaps leather pants, companies have found their just-in-time manufacturing systems have let them down (Johnson, 2001). Companies must strongly evaluate the pros and cons of implementing JIT systems. The effects and risk to their supply chain must also be heavily considered. Although JIT has its weaknesses, in most cases, the benefits outweigh the risks to the JIT enabled company. Planning for and recognizing when things may go wrong with the JIT system are vital for the success of JIT implementation across all areas of supply chains. JIT in Practice Just in time has an overall strategic focus to provide companies with an exceptional amount of savings. There is a large variety of companies and industries that have experienced these cost savings. For our research we will feature Dell and Toyota as two examples to illuminate the cost saving effects that just in time offers. To begin our discussion, Dell, which participates in the computer technology industry, is the only company within its industry that effectively utilizes just in time. They have revolutionized the selling of personal computers, using a direct-business model whose fundamental tenets include taking custom orders directly from customers, thereby reducing inventory and streamlining distribution (DI D RECT, 2001). After Dell has received a customer order, they then begin production of the product that the customer desires. This exemplifies a pull system within the supply chain. A pull system is reactive whereby production is executed in response to a customer order. This unique supply chain provides Dell with a competitive advantage within its industry allowing them to become the market leader over Compaq in 2001 (DI D RECT, 2001). Dells position within its industry is a result of their strategic focus to reduce inventory and streamline distribution. This strategy has allowed them to keep only five days of inventory on hand (DI D RECT, 2001). This is the smallest amount of inventory of any company within this industry, according to Mike Gray, Supply Chain Evangelist for Dell. He stated that most companies within the computer industry currently hold between 20 and 30 days worth of inventory (Personal Communication March 10, 2005). The limited amount of inventory held by Dell has created value for their customers. The value created for their customers is a function of integrating the entire value chain: invention, development, design, manufacturing, logistics, service, delivery and sales (DI D RECT, 2001). Integrating the entire value chain creates visibility and provides stronger relationships between Dell and their customers and suppliers. This visibility allows them to only invest in what their customers want, rather than trying to guess what they might want (DI D RECT, 2001). In addition Dell has a philosophy to only manufacture what their customers ask them to make, when they ask them (DI D RECT, 2001). This strategy provides Dell with a time-to-market advantage. They can get their customers the freshest, latest, greatest Pentium 4 and all associated operating systems 85 days faster than HP. This is true in regards to research that shows Hewlett Packard has 63 days of inventory and a distribution channel with 25 to 30 days of inventory as well. Collectively, HP has about 90 days of inventory compared to Dells five. The minimal amount of inventory held by Dell provides them with an economic advantage, because the value of components and manufacturing materials declines about one per cent per week. The five day inventory also minimizes a customers ability to change their wants before they receive their computer. For example, if an individual tells a manufacturer what they want today but they do not hear the request for 90 days, chances are by this time the customer wants something else (DI D RECT, 2001). Dells use of just in time results in cost savings, superior customer satisfaction, limited waste, and the ability to provide their suppliers with more information. In the end these benefits all result in a cost savings for Dell and higher revenue. Since Dell holds minimal inventory, they do not have to fund raw materials, work in process or finished goods inventory. Toyota Motor Corporation is another company that effectively uses just in time. They are known as the master and pioneer of just in time and are currently entering the market to provide customized vehicles to customers with a minimal wait. Toyota has spent the last six years revamping its ordering, manufacturing and distribution to make it easier for dealers and customers to make changes right before production (Fahey, 2004). Their goal is to reduce the average time between dealer order and delivery from Toyotas North American factories from 70 days to 14 (Fahey, 2004). This goal accomplishment would not only make customers happier but also cut dealer inventory costs and the need for Toyota to spend on rebates for slow-selling vehicles (Fahey, 2004). In order to seek the benefits of providing customized orders and reducing the average delivery time, Toyota has developed its own software that connects dealers to factories and factories to suppliers. The integration of the value chain creates visibility for all members of Toyotas supply chain. When a request from a dealer is received by Toyota their software is able to figure out the availability of parts nearby, the time to resequence the assembly line and whether the change would unbalance the line by scheduling, for example, too many models loaded with time-consuming options one right after the other (Fahey, 2004). Toyota has also adjusted their distribution process to effectively provide customized vehicles in a just in time process. Toyota now sends finished vehicles to sorting docks where they can be grouped by region. This new process cuts delivery by two days. And in assembling cars, Toyota now considers destination, so that it may, for instance, make vehicles headed to Seattle at the same time (Fahey, 2004). This process adjustment has provided Toyota with a cost savings in result. Dell and Toyota are two model companies of just in time. They effectively get the right products to their customers when they need it. Both companies have achieved a competitive advantage within their industries due to utilizing the just in time process and allowing visibility between them and other members of the value chain. JIT and Beyond Just-In-Time inventory systems have come a long way through out the years improving the efficiency of purchasing in many companies. But as with most things there is always room for improvement and growth. JIT inventory systems have evolved over the years with many new and exciting twists. Competition in the business world is shifting from being between company and company to supply chain and supply chain. This is why JIT is evolving in many different ways. JIT II is one such evolution of the efficiency of JIT. JIT II is a way to improve the customer-supplier relationship. JIT II uses systems integration which allows, sharing of information so that the relationship is more like a partnership (Pragman). Essentially this equals more and more visibility throughout the supply chain, which equals better responsiveness and lower costs, the two main goals of supply chain management. JIT II, a customer-supplier partnership concept pioneered at Bose Corporation and now practiced by major companies and their suppliers, can aid in cutting both design and response lead time (Pragman). This is accomplished through systems integration, which seeks ways to improve coordination between different functional areas, as well as bridges the gap between customer and supplier. With JIT II the suppliers have a person within the customers organization full time acting as a purchasing department employee for the customer firm. JIT II has really impacted the following areas: the administration of the purchasing function, logistics, concurrent engineering and value analysis and material stores and support services. In each of these areas the lead time reductions are greater with JIT II than with conventional JIT (Pragman). The administrative benefits of JIT II are due to the fact that the supplier is constantly available in-house. JIT II reduces administrative costs for both the customer and supplier because the purchasing costs are not all on the customer and the supplier gets all the business from that specific customer as it wants as long as things go well. Because the supplier is always present JIT II permits concurrent engineering and value analysis to take place on an ongoing basis, not just during sporadic sales calls (Pragman). JIT II is not the end of the evolution of just in time systems it is actually just the beginning. ERP is another result that spawns from the premise behind JIT II. The main difference between the two is that JIT II is not computer system based and ERP is based on a computer system that helps ensure the visibility of all functional areas within a company as well as within its supply chain. ERP helps organizations reduce supply chain inventories due to the added visibility throughout the entire supply chain (Wisner, Leong, Tan). A major advantage of an ERP system is that it allows managers to make better more informed decisions that effect the entire supply chain. As ecommerce and global operations continue to grow a need for visibility and data exchange between suppliers, customers and foreign offices has emerged. Thus driving ERP more to the forefront with ERP comes decreased inventories as well as responsiveness which is the major idea of JIT systems. Advantages of JIT * Continuous improvement  in quality * Cost  is  reduced * Elimination  of waste * Manufacturing time  is  cut down * Better productivity * Lower Work in progress * Better  supplier relationships * Cost efficient  production * Defect free  output Disadvantages of JIT JIT system may not be able to manage  sudden  variations in  demand * Implementing thorough JIT procedures can involve a major overhaul of business systems -it may be difficult and expensive to introduce. * JIT manufacturing also opens businesses to a number of risks, notably those associated with the supply chain. With no stocks to fall back on, a minor disruption in supplies to the busin ess from just one supplier could force production to cease at very short notice. How JIT helps to increase competitive advantage of one firm over the other Costs It helps to significantly reduce cost. There are  Seven Wastes  in Just in Time or JIT: Waste of overproduction,  Waste of  waiting, Waste of transportation, Waste of  processing, Waste of  stocks, Waste of  motion, Waste of  defectives. It tries to reduce cost by eliminating all these kind of wastes. Willingness to Pay The concept of  quality at source  is adopted. This means that the workers take responsibility for the quality of what they are producing. Hence JIT tries to achieve zero defect production. Increase in quality increases the WTP to some extent. Jit Benifits and Limitations Essay Example Jit Benifits and Limitations Paper Just-In-Time Inventory Management Strategy Lean Manufacturing Overview of Just-in-Time Inventory Management Just-in-time is a movement and idea that has gained wide acceptance in the business community over the past decade. As companies became more and more competitive and the pressures from Japans continuous improvement culture, other firms were forced to find innovative ways to cut costs and compete. The idea behind JIT, or lean manufacturing, is to have the supplies a firm needs at the exact moment that they are needed. In order to accomplish this goal a firm must constantly be seeking ways to reduce waste and enhance value. A recent survey of senior manufacturing executives showed that 71% used some form of JIT in their processes (Pragman). This simple statistic illustrates that JIT is here to stay and also that firms must constantly be searching for ways to cut costs and achieve an advantage. JIT is one way to achieve that end result. In order to understand how JIT works a common vocabulary needs to be established from which to further discuss the topic and gain insight into why so many firms have adopted it. We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jit Benifits and Limitations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As previously stated, one of the key components of JIT is to reduce waste and add value. There are several activities that a company must monitor as targets for reducing waste. Among these are, excessive waste times, inflated inventories, unneeded people or material movement, unnecessary processing steps, numerous variabilities throughout a firms activities and any other non-value adding activity. A key example of this is a new plant that Caterpillar is bringing on-line in the near future. By reducing the number of times a bucket had to be repositioned while it was being welded, Caterpillar was able to reduce the amount of time the bucket spent in the welding line, reduce labor costs by limiting idle time at the welding station and increase the efficiency of the entire manufacturing process. The layout and inventories that are part of a JIT strategy may seem the most logical steps to reduce waste and increase value. By simply redeveloping the layout of certain facilities a firm can reduce the time it takes for supplies to get to the next step in process and cut costs associated with hat movement. One way to do this is to have work-in-progress close to the next station in the manufacturing chain. Couple this with lowering inventories and a powerful combination is formed to reduce costs. In lowering inventories a firm can reap numerous benefits; batch sizes, set-up times and safety stock are all reduced, ergo costs are trimmed and value is added. But in order to achieve these things a firm must be willing to accept the problems that these actions can either uncover or create. Dell Computers participates in both of these activities and they are now the industry leader. Dell has warehouse space at their manufacturing facilities in which suppliers keep parts directly on-site which is the quintessential JIT layout. In addition, Dell is constantly working to achieve JIT inventories of only four days and in doing so are constantly uncovering and solving supply chain problems. Going hand-in-hand with maintaining Just In Time inventory levels is JIT scheduling. By working to reduce inventory to the lowest possible working levels, a firm must constantly be adjusting its schedule of ordering and delivering. In doing so, communication both up and down the supply chain is critical. Frequent orders are placed for supplies and small production runs are constantly being initiated. In order to achieve this breakneck pace of order/production schedule, a firm must constantly be making small changes to orders/production and recognize that kanbans are of incredible importance. Possibly the single piece of JIT that has the most relevance to a study of supply chain management is the partnerships that are essential to making JIT truly work. A firm cannot implement a JIT system by itself; it must have the complete cooperation of its entire supply chain. The sheer amount of information that is needed for a JIT system to operate well demands partnerships to be formed and nurtured, almost to the point at which an entire supply chain operates as one firm. Examples of these kinds of partnerships are everywhere in todays business world. XYZ-Company allows its key suppliers to work directly at their manufacturing sites and place orders as needed for the parts that that supplier supplies. By example Dell has its suppliers store raw materials directly at the manufacturing plants. Other concepts of Just In Time also need to be introduced in order to have a discussion about what truly makes Just In Time a worthy endeavor. By the 1980s the Japanese had achieved manufacturing greatness by practicing continuous improvement, in that a firm is constantly working to improve in every facet of its business functions. To do this a firm must always increase quality, look for innovative ways to solve problems and increase focus on the quality of its suppliers. All of these are cornerstones of a modern JIT system. Lastly, getting the workforce to buy into a JIT lean manufacturing system is important because without the dedication of the workforce, any endeavor is sure to fail. There are several ways to achieve workforce commitment. A simple way is to cross train the workforce members outside of their normal business function and help increase an employees problem solving ability. In doing so a firm is empowering its workforce to think about their function in a new way while looking for ways to improve and giving them an overall view of the entire firm, not just their single job. When this is coupled with the support of management, an increase in resources to solve problems, and an increase in employee roles and responsibility, a workforce will feel empowered and work to make Just In Time a success for the business. Strengths of JIT There is a lot of strength in incorporating JIT lean manufacturing in a company. JIT makes production operations more efficient, cost effective and customer responsive. JIT allows manufacturers to purchase and receive components just before theyre needed on the assembly line, thus relieving manufacturers of the cost and burden of housing and managing idle parts. In that respect, company spokesman for Dell Venancio Figueroa, says With our pull-to-order system, weve been able to eliminate warehouses in our factories and have improved factory output by double by adding production lines where warehouses used to be (Songini, 2000). The benefit of carrying smaller amounts of inbound, in-process, and finished goods inventory exists regardless of the firms operating context (size, production technology, etc. ). Just In Time appeals to many companies because it helps prevent manufacturers from being stuck with inventory that may become obsolete. JIT was initially developed and justified based on cost reduction and quality improvement dimensions. Now, companies view JIT as providing an approach to achieving excellence in the elimination of waste (thought of as all things that do not add value to the product), as well as making the company more responsive to short-term customer demand patterns. JIT manufacturing can be a real money-saver for a company. Companies are not only more responsive to their customers, but they also have less capital tied up in raw materials and finished goods inventory, allowing companies to optimize their transportation and logistics operations (UPS, 2003). Overall, JIT manufacturing results in lower total system costs and improved product quality. With JIT, some plants have reduced inventory more than fifty-percent and lead time more than eighty-percent (Droge, 1998). JIT is lowering costs and inventory, reducing waste, and raising the quality of products. Weaknesses of JIT Just as JIT has many strong points, there are weaknesses as well. In just-in-time, everything is very interdependent. Everyone relies on everybody else (Greenberg, 2002). Because of this strong interdependence with JIT, a weakness in the supply chain caused by a JIT weakness can be very costly to all linked in the chain. JIT processes can be risky to certain businesses and vulnerable to the supply chain in situations such as labor strikes, interrupted supply lines, market demand fluctuations, stock outs, lack of communication upstream and downstream in the supply chain and unforeseen production interruptions. Labor strikes, stock outs, and port lockouts can quickly disrupt an entire supply chain while JIT processes are in place. Adhering to the just-in-time concept can be expensive in times of emergency such as at ports (Greenburg, 2002). When a ship arriving from Asia full of supplies cannot make it to shore, the company using JIT generally has very little inventory to compensate for the emergency. This lack of inventory is exactly what makes JIT so great to companies in reducing costs, yet making it risky as well by in some cases not having enough b uffer inventories to react and keep the supply chain moving. Every year markets experience seasonal demand fluctuations as well as fluctuations due to demand from disasters or other unforeseen events. Just-in-time delivery leaves retailers and manufacturers with little inventory as the holiday season approaches (Greenberg, 2002). Relying solely on JIT systems would leave supply chains in shock due to the overwhelming seasonal market demand at different times of the year for seasonal products. Not all products should be produced with JIT systems in place. Custom made items will not work well with JIT as JIT systems respond best to mass produced and highly automated production items. Communication is king in a JIT rich supply chain. There is a risk involved with JIT when there is a communication breakdown and the company cannot get the right amount of supplies needed to keep the just-in-time system running smoothly. Technology is playing a big role in JIT number, however, the reliance on technology can lead to breakdowns in the IT systems that can be costly to work around and go back to the pencil and paper methods of doing supply/inventory demand calculations. Companies should always have backup systems in place to help thwart the possibility of technology or communication breakdown. Weaknesses in JIT systems are very important to recognize. From Cisco routers to Dell computers to the Gaps leather pants, companies have found their just-in-time manufacturing systems have let them down (Johnson, 2001). Companies must strongly evaluate the pros and cons of implementing JIT systems. The effects and risk to their supply chain must also be heavily considered. Although JIT has its weaknesses, in most cases, the benefits outweigh the risks to the JIT enabled company. Planning for and recognizing when things may go wrong with the JIT system are vital for the success of JIT implementation across all areas of supply chains. JIT in Practice Just in time has an overall strategic focus to provide companies with an exceptional amount of savings. There is a large variety of companies and industries that have experienced these cost savings. For our research we will feature Dell and Toyota as two examples to illuminate the cost saving effects that just in time offers. To begin our discussion, Dell, which participates in the computer technology industry, is the only company within its industry that effectively utilizes just in time. They have revolutionized the selling of personal computers, using a direct-business model whose fundamental tenets include taking custom orders directly from customers, thereby reducing inventory and streamlining distribution (DI D RECT, 2001). After Dell has received a customer order, they then begin production of the product that the customer desires. This exemplifies a pull system within the supply chain. A pull system is reactive whereby production is executed in response to a customer order. This unique supply chain provides Dell with a competitive advantage within its industry allowing them to become the market leader over Compaq in 2001 (DI D RECT, 2001). Dells position within its industry is a result of their strategic focus to reduce inventory and streamline distribution. This strategy has allowed them to keep only five days of inventory on hand (DI D RECT, 2001). This is the smallest amount of inventory of any company within this industry, according to Mike Gray, Supply Chain Evangelist for Dell. He stated that most companies within the computer industry currently hold between 20 and 30 days worth of inventory (Personal Communication March 10, 2005). The limited amount of inventory held by Dell has created value for their customers. The value created for their customers is a function of integrating the entire value chain: invention, development, design, manufacturing, logistics, service, delivery and sales (DI D RECT, 2001). Integrating the entire value chain creates visibility and provides stronger relationships between Dell and their customers and suppliers. This visibility allows them to only invest in what their customers want, rather than trying to guess what they might want (DI D RECT, 2001). In addition Dell has a philosophy to only manufacture what their customers ask them to make, when they ask them (DI D RECT, 2001). This strategy provides Dell with a time-to-market advantage. They can get their customers the freshest, latest, greatest Pentium 4 and all associated operating systems 85 days faster than HP. This is true in regards to research that shows Hewlett Packard has 63 days of inventory and a distribution channel with 25 to 30 days of inventory as well. Collectively, HP has about 90 days of inventory compared to Dells five. The minimal amount of inventory held by Dell provides them with an economic advantage, because the value of components and manufacturing materials declines about one per cent per week. The five day inventory also minimizes a customers ability to change their wants before they receive their computer. For example, if an individual tells a manufacturer what they want today but they do not hear the request for 90 days, chances are by this time the customer wants something else (DI D RECT, 2001). Dells use of just in time results in cost savings, superior customer satisfaction, limited waste, and the ability to provide their suppliers with more information. In the end these benefits all result in a cost savings for Dell and higher revenue. Since Dell holds minimal inventory, they do not have to fund raw materials, work in process or finished goods inventory. Toyota Motor Corporation is another company that effectively uses just in time. They are known as the master and pioneer of just in time and are currently entering the market to provide customized vehicles to customers with a minimal wait. Toyota has spent the last six years revamping its ordering, manufacturing and distribution to make it easier for dealers and customers to make changes right before production (Fahey, 2004). Their goal is to reduce the average time between dealer order and delivery from Toyotas North American factories from 70 days to 14 (Fahey, 2004). This goal accomplishment would not only make customers happier but also cut dealer inventory costs and the need for Toyota to spend on rebates for slow-selling vehicles (Fahey, 2004). In order to seek the benefits of providing customized orders and reducing the average delivery time, Toyota has developed its own software that connects dealers to factories and factories to suppliers. The integration of the value chain creates visibility for all members of Toyotas supply chain. When a request from a dealer is received by Toyota their software is able to figure out the availability of parts nearby, the time to resequence the assembly line and whether the change would unbalance the line by scheduling, for example, too many models loaded with time-consuming options one right after the other (Fahey, 2004). Toyota has also adjusted their distribution process to effectively provide customized vehicles in a just in time process. Toyota now sends finished vehicles to sorting docks where they can be grouped by region. This new process cuts delivery by two days. And in assembling cars, Toyota now considers destination, so that it may, for instance, make vehicles headed to Seattle at the same time (Fahey, 2004). This process adjustment has provided Toyota with a cost savings in result. Dell and Toyota are two model companies of just in time. They effectively get the right products to their customers when they need it. Both companies have achieved a competitive advantage within their industries due to utilizing the just in time process and allowing visibility between them and other members of the value chain. JIT and Beyond Just-In-Time inventory systems have come a long way through out the years improving the efficiency of purchasing in many companies. But as with most things there is always room for improvement and growth. JIT inventory systems have evolved over the years with many new and exciting twists. Competition in the business world is shifting from being between company and company to supply chain and supply chain. This is why JIT is evolving in many different ways. JIT II is one such evolution of the efficiency of JIT. JIT II is a way to improve the customer-supplier relationship. JIT II uses systems integration which allows, sharing of information so that the relationship is more like a partnership (Pragman). Essentially this equals more and more visibility throughout the supply chain, which equals better responsiveness and lower costs, the two main goals of supply chain management. JIT II, a customer-supplier partnership concept pioneered at Bose Corporation and now practiced by major companies and their suppliers, can aid in cutting both design and response lead time (Pragman). This is accomplished through systems integration, which seeks ways to improve coordination between different functional areas, as well as bridges the gap between customer and supplier. With JIT II the suppliers have a person within the customers organization full time acting as a purchasing department employee for the customer firm. JIT II has really impacted the following areas: the administration of the purchasing function, logistics, concurrent engineering and value analysis and material stores and support services. In each of these areas the lead time reductions are greater with JIT II than with conventional JIT (Pragman). The administrative benefits of JIT II are due to the fact that the supplier is constantly available in-house. JIT II reduces administrative costs for both the customer and supplier because the purchasing costs are not all on the customer and the supplier gets all the business from that specific customer as it wants as long as things go well. Because the supplier is always present JIT II permits concurrent engineering and value analysis to take place on an ongoing basis, not just during sporadic sales calls (Pragman). JIT II is not the end of the evolution of just in time systems it is actually just the beginning. ERP is another result that spawns from the premise behind JIT II. The main difference between the two is that JIT II is not computer system based and ERP is based on a computer system that helps ensure the visibility of all functional areas within a company as well as within its supply chain. ERP helps organizations reduce supply chain inventories due to the added visibility throughout the entire supply chain (Wisner, Leong, Tan). A major advantage of an ERP system is that it allows managers to make better more informed decisions that effect the entire supply chain. As ecommerce and global operations continue to grow a need for visibility and data exchange between suppliers, customers and foreign offices has emerged. Thus driving ERP more to the forefront with ERP comes decreased inventories as well as responsiveness which is the major idea of JIT systems. Advantages of JIT * Continuous improvement  in quality * Cost  is  reduced * Elimination  of waste * Manufacturing time  is  cut down * Better productivity * Lower Work in progress * Better  supplier relationships * Cost efficient  production * Defect free  output Disadvantages of JIT JIT system may not be able to manage  sudden  variations in  demand * Implementing thorough JIT procedures can involve a major overhaul of business systems -it may be difficult and expensive to introduce. * JIT manufacturing also opens businesses to a number of risks, notably those associated with the supply chain. With no stocks to fall back on, a minor disruption in supplies to the busin ess from just one supplier could force production to cease at very short notice. How JIT helps to increase competitive advantage of one firm over the other Costs It helps to significantly reduce cost. There are  Seven Wastes  in Just in Time or JIT: Waste of overproduction,  Waste of  waiting, Waste of transportation, Waste of  processing, Waste of  stocks, Waste of  motion, Waste of  defectives. It tries to reduce cost by eliminating all these kind of wastes. Willingness to Pay The concept of  quality at source  is adopted. This means that the workers take responsibility for the quality of what they are producing. Hence JIT tries to achieve zero defect production. Increase in quality increases the WTP to some extent.